介詞和介詞短語的概念：

介詞是一種用來表示詞與詞、詞與句之間的關(guān)系的虛詞，在句中不能單獨(dú)作句子成分。介詞后面一般有名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類，短語或從句作它的賓語。介詞和它的賓語構(gòu)成介詞詞組，在句中作狀語，表語，補(bǔ)語或介詞賓語。介詞可以分為時(shí)間介詞、地點(diǎn)介詞、方式介詞和其他介詞。

誤用介詞的三種情況：

1、多用介詞：
多用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將及物動(dòng)詞誤用作不及物動(dòng)詞，也可能是受相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響而用錯(cuò)：
誤：We discussed about the plan.
正：We discussed the plan. 我們討論了計(jì)劃。
誤：Did he mention about the accident?
正：Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了嗎?
誤：I saw her enter into the bank.
正：I saw her enter the bank. 我看見她進(jìn)了銀行。
誤：He married with[to] a nurse.
正：He married a nurse. 他同一位護(hù)士結(jié)了婚。
誤：How can contact with you?
正：How can contact you? 我怎么與你聯(lián)系?
誤：We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正：We should serve the people heart and soul. 我們應(yīng)該全心全意地為人民服務(wù)。
誤：Who controls over the factory? (但名詞control可接over)
正：Who controls the factory? 誰管理這個(gè)工廠?
誤：He has a great many of friends here. (比較a great number of)
正：He has a great many friends here. 他在這兒有很多朋友。

2、漏用介詞：
漏用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將不及物動(dòng)詞誤用作及物動(dòng)詞，或是受相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響的影響而用錯(cuò)等：
誤：This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=處理)
正：This matter is difficult to deal with. 這事很難處理。
誤：He is not a man to be depended.
正：He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是個(gè)可靠的人。
誤：He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正：He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶，又接著講故事。
誤：My mother still regards me a child. (比較consider…as中的as可省略)
正：My mother still regards me as a child. 我母親還把我當(dāng)小孩看。
誤：They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正：They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他們堅(jiān)持要派車來接我們。
誤：What he says is worth listening.
正：What he said is worth listening to.他的話值得一聽。

3、錯(cuò)用介詞：
錯(cuò)用介詞的情況比較復(fù)雜，可能是因受漢語意思的而錯(cuò)，也可能是因弄不清搭配關(guān)系而錯(cuò)，可能是混淆用法而錯(cuò)，也可能是受相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響而錯(cuò)，可能是忽略語境而錯(cuò)，也可能是想當(dāng)然的用錯(cuò)：
誤：She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人，call at+地點(diǎn))
正：She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他辦公室拜訪。
誤：He is engaged with a nurse.
正：He is engaged to a nurse.他與一位護(hù)士訂了婚。
誤：The sun rises from the east.
正：The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。
誤：Under his help, I finished it in time.
正：With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的幫助下，我及時(shí)做完了。
誤：During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正：During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期間,參觀過許多地方。
誤：We are familiar to his character.
正：We are familiar with his character.我們了解他的性格。
誤：Help yourself with the fruit.
正：Help yourself to the fruit.吃點(diǎn)水果吧。

介詞的賓語：

1、名詞或代詞作介詞賓語：
如：Are you interested in history? 你對(duì)歷史感興趣嗎？
Don't worry about it. 別為它擔(dān)心。
注：若是人稱代詞用作介詞賓語，要注意用賓格。
如：No one can sing like her. 沒有人能像她那樣唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語：
如：He is good at telling stories. 他善于講故事。
In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿過馬路時(shí)被汽車撞倒。
3、過去分詞作介詞賓語：
如：We can't regard the matter as settled. 我們不能認(rèn)為這事已經(jīng)解決。
I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以為你讀過這本書。
注：過去分詞用作介詞賓語通常只見于某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，如上面第1句涉及regard…as(認(rèn)為…是)結(jié)構(gòu)，第2句涉及take sth for granted(認(rèn)為某事屬實(shí))。在其他情況下，介詞后通常不直接跟過去分詞作賓語，若語義上需要接過去分詞(表被動(dòng))，可換用“being+過去分詞”：
如：He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了，沒有被其他人看見。
4、從句作介詞賓語：
如：He was not satisfied with what she said. 他對(duì)她說的不滿意。
I'm worried about where he is. 我擔(dān)心他上哪兒去了。
注：介詞后通常不接that從句，遇此情況需考慮用其他結(jié)構(gòu)：
誤：He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正：He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很窮這一事實(shí)。
但有個(gè)別介詞(如except)可接that從句。
比較：I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介詞賓語：
如：I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我沒有別的選擇。
He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那兒。
They did nothing but complain. 他們老是一個(gè)勁地抱怨。
He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看電視，他從不干任何事。
注：(1)介詞后接不定式的情形通常只見于but, except等極個(gè)別個(gè)詞。該不定式有時(shí)帶to，有時(shí)不帶to，其區(qū)別是：若其前出現(xiàn)了動(dòng)詞do，其后的不定式通常不帶to；
若其前沒有出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞do，則其后的不定式通常帶to。
(2)介詞后雖然通常不直接跟不定式作賓語，但卻可接“連接代詞(副詞)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)：
如：He gave me some advice on how to do it. 對(duì)于如何做這事他給我提了些建議。
6、形容詞作介詞賓語：
如：Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的語音遠(yuǎn)不是完美的。
In short, we must be prepared. 總而言之，我們要有準(zhǔn)備。
Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越來越糟。
注：(1)有些形容詞用作介詞賓語可視為其前省略了動(dòng)名詞being：
如：He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他認(rèn)為形勢(shì)嚴(yán)重。
His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作絲毫不令人滿意。
(2)有些“介詞+形容詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)已構(gòu)成固定搭配：in full全部地，全面地，無省略地； in private私下地，秘密地； in particular特別地；in general一般地，通常地，概括地； in brief 簡(jiǎn)言之；in short總之，簡(jiǎn)言之； in vain徒然地，徒勞無益地；for fee免費(fèi)地，無償?shù)兀?for certain肯定地，確切地；for sure肯定地，確切地； for short為了簡(jiǎn)短，簡(jiǎn)稱；atl arge自由自在地，逍遙法外； by far…得多
7、副詞作介詞賓語：
如：I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。
It's too hot in here. 這里面太熱了。
I looked every where except there. 除了那兒，我到處都看過了。
8、數(shù)詞作介詞賓語：
如：The city has a population of four million. 這座城市有四百萬人口。
He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介詞短語作介詞賓語：
如：Choose a book from among these. 從這些書中選一本吧。
I saw her from across the street. 我從街的對(duì)面望見了她。
注：通常可后接介詞短語作賓語的介詞是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比較：I took it from the bed. 我從床那兒(或床上)拿的。
I took it from under the bed. 我從床下拿的。
10、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用作介詞賓語：
如：She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反對(duì)瑪麗與他結(jié)婚。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書走了進(jìn)來。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個(gè)下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。

介詞短語的句法功能：
1、表語：
如：He was with a friend. 他和一個(gè)朋友在一起。
Health is above wealth. 健康勝過財(cái)富。
This knife is for cutting bread. 這把小刀是用于切面包的。
注：有些介詞(如because of)引出的短語通常只用作狀語，不用作表語：
誤：His absence is because of the rain.
正：His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未來。
但是，若主語是代詞(不是名詞)，becauseof引出的短語可用作表語：
如：It is because of hard work. 那是因?yàn)樾量喙ぷ鞯脑�因�?
2、狀語：
如：Don't touch it with your hands. 別用手去摸它。
Did you do this by design or by accident? 你這樣做是有意的還是無意的？
3、定語：
如：This is his reply to your letter. 這是他給你的回信。
This is the best way of doing it. 這是做此事最好的方法。
My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我對(duì)你的愛比海深。
4、賓語補(bǔ)足語：
如：I found everythingin good condition. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)一切正常。
Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
注：用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的介詞短語在相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)中則為主語補(bǔ)足語：
如：He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、賓語：
如：A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一個(gè)人從墻后走出來。
He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外，他抽不出時(shí)間。
6、主語：
如：Between6 and 7 suits me. 六點(diǎn)到七點(diǎn)對(duì)我比較適合。
After the exams is the time to relax. 考試后是輕松一下的時(shí)間。
注：介詞短語通常不用作主語，盡管有時(shí)也像上面這樣用作主語，但通�？梢暈槭窃谝欢ǖ纳舷挛闹杏兴�省略：
如：—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我們下次什么時(shí)候見面？
—On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比較方便。
此句中onTuesday雖用作主語，但可視為是其前省略了meeting一詞：
即：Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.

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