1. 主謂一致
一、概念：
主謂一致是指：1)語(yǔ)法形式上要一致,即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語(yǔ)要一致。2)意義上要一致,即主語(yǔ)意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。3)就近原則,即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ),一般來(lái)說(shuō),不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。例如：There is much water in the thermos.
但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二、相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1、并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù),例如：Reading and writing are very important.
注：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由and連結(jié)時(shí),如果表示一個(gè)單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 鋼鐵工業(yè)對(duì)我們的生活有重要意義。
2、主謂一致中的靠近原則
1)當(dāng)there be句型的主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。例如：
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十個(gè)男孩,二十三個(gè)女孩。
2)當(dāng)either… or… 與neither… nor,連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo),而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。例如：
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 給你筆、信封和紙。
3、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞組成的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)部分一致。例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教師和一些學(xué)生在參觀工廠。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去劃船。
4、謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)的情況
1)代詞each以及由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),或主語(yǔ)中含有each, every時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)。例如：
Each of us has a tape-recorder. /There is something wrong with my watch.
2)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是一本書或一條格言時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
3)表示金錢,時(shí)間,價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。例如：
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. /Ten yuan is enough.
5、指代意義決定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)
1)代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。
2)集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的意思來(lái)決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員,用單數(shù)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)該集體的整體。例如：His family are music lovers.
但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Are there any police around? 附近有警察嗎?
3)有些名詞,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有時(shí)看作單數(shù),有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞：A number of books have lent out./ The majority of the students like English.
The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞：The number of books is 53 .
6、與后接名詞或代詞保持一致的情況
1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如：
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的錢化在書上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分學(xué)生積極參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。
2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：
A series of accidents has been reported. 媒體報(bào)道了一連串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 爐邊有一堆木柴。
3)如many a 或 more than one 所修飾的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than… of 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例如：
Many a person has read the novel.許多人讀過(guò)這本書。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生來(lái)自這個(gè)城市。
Chapter 2. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
一、概念：
英語(yǔ)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有以下五種形式：
(1) 動(dòng)詞原形：動(dòng)詞原形在句子中形式不變。主要用于主語(yǔ)為非第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后,或根據(jù)語(yǔ)法規(guī)定必須用動(dòng)詞原形的其他情況。
(2) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)形式(簡(jiǎn)稱現(xiàn)單三)：主要用于主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
(3) 過(guò)去式：主要用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
(4) 現(xiàn)在分詞：主要用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),或語(yǔ)法規(guī)定的其他情況。
(5) 過(guò)去分詞：主要用于完成時(shí)態(tài),或語(yǔ)法規(guī)定的其他情況。
動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)(現(xiàn)單三)的構(gòu)成,見下表：
詞尾變化(規(guī)律與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)相同,讀音也與名詞復(fù)數(shù)相同)舉例一般加-sHelp---helps; read---reads在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-esDo, fix, pass, push, teach ---does, fixes, passes, pushes, teaches以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞,變y為i再加-esTry, study --- tries, stuides 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞,大多數(shù)是動(dòng)詞原形+ ed 構(gòu)成,這是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的拼寫和讀音規(guī)則如下表：
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