英語(yǔ)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)歸納

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)


一、定語(yǔ)從句

引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who(賓格whom),所有格whose)和關(guān)系副詞 where when why 等,關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom等在從句中分別作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),whose在從句中作定語(yǔ),而關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。

如:①I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together.

②I will never forget the days which/that we spent together.

解析:在句①中,表示時(shí)間的名詞the days在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z(yǔ),所以用關(guān)系副詞when來(lái)代指,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the days;而在句②中,表示時(shí)間的名詞the days在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖莿?dòng)詞spent的賓語(yǔ),所以用關(guān)系代詞that或which來(lái)代指。

同樣,表示地點(diǎn)或原因的名詞如果在從句中作狀語(yǔ),則用關(guān)系副詞where 或why來(lái)代指;如果在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),則用which或that來(lái)代替。

如:①This is the factory where/in which I worked.(作狀語(yǔ))

②This is the factory that/which I visited years ago.(作賓語(yǔ))

注:當(dāng)先行詞為time,reason, place時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞可以省略。如:

① This was the first (when/what) I had serious trouble with my boss.

② That is the reason (why) I did it.

③ This is the place (where) we met yesterday.

另外,定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)相一致。如:

① Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.0

② He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.

解析:在句①中,先行詞foreigner被only修飾,強(qiáng)調(diào)只有一個(gè),所以從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,而在句②中,who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the students,為復(fù)數(shù),所以從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)。

感悟:學(xué)生之所以在這一點(diǎn)上經(jīng)常出錯(cuò),主要是對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的理解不夠深刻,分辨不出主句和從句,對(duì)句子成分的把握也不到位,搞不清關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)何種句子成分。所以要做好這一類題,要首先弄清關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法,而且應(yīng)善于分辨和分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)及其相應(yīng)成分,這樣才能對(duì)癥下藥,快速準(zhǔn)確地找到瓿之所在。

二 名詞性從句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

(一) that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句

定語(yǔ)從句與前面的的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系,“……的名詞”,而同位語(yǔ)從句是用來(lái)說(shuō)明前面名詞的內(nèi)容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表示事實(shí)或概念的抽象名詞,如fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。That在定語(yǔ)從句中必須作成分,可用which或who/whom代替,而that在同位語(yǔ)從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分,只起連接作用。如:

①Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas. ②Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.

解析:在句①中,that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句解釋說(shuō)明promise的內(nèi)容,that不充當(dāng)任何句子成分,只起連接作用,而在句②中,that在其引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中作動(dòng)詞visited的賓語(yǔ),對(duì)先行詞the chicken farm起修飾作用。

感悟:學(xué)生之所以在這一點(diǎn)上容易出錯(cuò),主要還是因?yàn)閷?duì)定語(yǔ)從句的理解不夠深刻,分辨不出that在從句中是否充當(dāng)了句子成分,因此,還需在句子分析上下功夫,并且搞清何謂同位語(yǔ)從句。

(二) 名詞性從句中,關(guān)于it作形式主語(yǔ)和形式賓語(yǔ)的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

1. 名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí),為保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)。如:

It’s a pity that he don’t come to give a speech.(形式主語(yǔ))

We think it possible that you can finish the job today.(形式賓語(yǔ))

2)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love, make等接由if或when 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)往往在從句前加上形式賓語(yǔ)it.

例如:I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.

3)動(dòng)詞hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引導(dǎo)的病因從句式,往往在從句前加形式賓語(yǔ)it.

例如:① I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon.

② we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.

4)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞answer for, count on depend on, insist on, see to等后接有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),必須冠以形式賓語(yǔ)it.

例如:① I’m counting on it that you will come.

② She’ll see to it that he goes ahead.

注:作形式主語(yǔ)和形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí)只能用it.

三、代詞it、one、that的用法與區(qū)別.

One泛指,指代前面提到的那類人或物,用于指代可數(shù)

名詞,相當(dāng)于a+名詞單數(shù),其復(fù)數(shù)形式ones前一般要有定語(yǔ),否則就要用some.

That(those復(fù)數(shù))即可指代不可數(shù)名詞,表特指,相當(dāng)于the+名詞,后面經(jīng)常與介詞修飾語(yǔ)連用。

It指代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞,表示同類同物,另外還可表示時(shí)間、距離、天氣、還可指代人稱代詞,表示性別身份不明,可作形式主語(yǔ),形式賓語(yǔ),引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式以及一些固定搭配,如:get it, catch it, make it.

例如:① I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丟了只表,我想我必須再買一只。(代指上文指到的同類事物,但不指同一個(gè))

② Where is my pen? Have you seen it? 我的鋼筆不知弄到哪去了,你見了嗎?(代指上文提到的同一事物)

③ The land of China is larger than that of America.

④ Tome has a red pen and a blue one (或two blue ones)

⑤ He has no child, and he wants to adopt one (或 some)

四、虛擬語(yǔ)氣

I 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在if 引導(dǎo)的條件句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。

① if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.

② if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.

句子①②都是虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的使用,從句中都是假設(shè)過(guò)去的情況,所以用過(guò)去完成時(shí),但在主句中,句①依然指代過(guò)去的情況,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是would have done,而②中含有一個(gè)表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)now, 這樣就必須將其理解為假設(shè)現(xiàn)在的情況,所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須為would/should/might+動(dòng)詞原形,學(xué)生在這一點(diǎn)上經(jīng)常會(huì)忽略now的存在,從而按句①的形式填寫答案。

Ⅱ虛擬語(yǔ)氣在名詞性從句中的用法

1.在it is important (strange, natural, necessary……)+that 句子或者It is decided (ordered, suggested, demanded, advised……)+that句子中,主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形結(jié)構(gòu),表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被決定”等

例如:① it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night.

② it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon.

2. suggest, insist 后面指賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)需注意的地方

1)①suggest 當(dāng)“建議”“提出”講時(shí),其后賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”

例如:He suggested that the work (should) be started at once 他建議立即動(dòng)工。

類似的動(dòng)詞還有insist堅(jiān)持,demand要求,desire要求、請(qǐng)求,request請(qǐng)求,require要求、需要,order命令,propose建議,command命令,ask要求,advise建議,prefer寧愿等。

這些動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(如:It is suggested + that主語(yǔ)從句)形式后,主語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”

這些動(dòng)詞變名詞(如suggestion)后,其后的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)部分仍用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”

②suggest 當(dāng)“提出(某看法),暗示,啟發(fā)”講時(shí),其后賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

例如:(1)The police suggested that the thief might be one of the family member

警察局提出竊賊可能是一名家庭成員。

(2)Her yawns suggests that she is sleepy. 她打哈欠表明她困了。

(3)Although he didn’t suggest that we __ the decision to swim across the river, but his look suggested that our decision __wrong.雖然他沒(méi)提出我們應(yīng)該終止游過(guò)這條河的決定,但他的表情表明我們的決定是錯(cuò)誤的。

A:stop; was B: should stop; be C: stopped ;was D: stopped; should be

在這個(gè)句子中,前一個(gè)suggest當(dāng)“建議”“提出”講,而后一個(gè)作“表明”講,所以答案為“A”

2)①insist作“堅(jiān)決要求…該…;堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為…定要…”講時(shí),其后賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”

例如:I insisted that you (should) be there on time.我堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)時(shí)到那里去

②insist 作“堅(jiān)持(意見,看法);堅(jiān)持說(shuō),確信”講時(shí),其后從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

例如:He suggested (that) he heard someone in the next room. 他堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他聽到隔壁屋子里有人。

五.反意疑問(wèn)句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

1.在一般疑問(wèn)句中,無(wú)論肯定的問(wèn)或是否定的問(wèn),如果回答為肯定則用yes,反之則用no.特別注意如果出現(xiàn)省略則看下文所暗示的意義。

①—Are you a new comer?

—Yes, I came here only yesterday.

②—Isn’t Tom a good student?

—Yes, he is excellent.

③—Don’t you think the composition good?

—No, It can’t be any worse.

注意:在②③句中,當(dāng)回答的意思與問(wèn)句相一致時(shí),則用No,譯為“是的”,當(dāng)回答的意思與問(wèn)句相反時(shí),則用Yes,譯為“不”

2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must

① I must leave now, mustn’t I ?

② He must be in the classroom, isn’t ?(表推測(cè))

③ He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he ? (表現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果)

④ He must have finished his homework yesterday afternoon,didn’t he? (表過(guò)去)

當(dāng)句子中有表示猜測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),其反意疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成不能再用原句中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,而應(yīng)根據(jù)原句在去掉情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的情況下的主謂關(guān)系來(lái)確定其反問(wèn)形式。

六、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

非謂語(yǔ)與其邏輯主語(yǔ)(即動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或承受者)之間有三種關(guān)系,如為主謂關(guān)系,則用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式的主動(dòng)式;如為被動(dòng)關(guān)系則用過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行)或不定式的被動(dòng)式(動(dòng)作將進(jìn)行);如既無(wú)主動(dòng)也無(wú)被動(dòng)關(guān)系則只能用狀語(yǔ)從句或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(即非謂語(yǔ)加上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ))。

Judging/considering/genrally speaking/supposing 指說(shuō)話者的動(dòng)作,故只用主動(dòng)式。如:

Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam.

解析:從這個(gè)句子可以看出,句詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)he一致,并且是主謂關(guān)系,所以用了現(xiàn)在的分詞作狀語(yǔ),同時(shí),分詞的動(dòng)作明顯地發(fā)生在句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前,故采用了現(xiàn)代分詞的完成式。

In order to improve English , ________.

A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes.

B. Jenny’s father bought a lot of tapes for herself.

C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny.

D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father.

解析:根據(jù)不定式短語(yǔ)我們可以推知,句子的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是人而不是物,所以,應(yīng)該排除CD,再就是應(yīng)該是Jenny提高自己的英語(yǔ),而不是她爸爸,故答案先B.

———,we decided to go out for a walk.

A. It is fine B. It fine C. Being fine D.It being fine

解析:主句主語(yǔ)we與動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)be fine之間既無(wú)主動(dòng)關(guān)系與無(wú)被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以要加上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)It,由于不存在主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故不能選C項(xiàng),而應(yīng)該選D 項(xiàng)。

————more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A. Given B.To give C.Giving D. Having giving

解析:give與主句的主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故選A.如為主動(dòng)關(guān)系則選C.

易出錯(cuò)的問(wèn)題一般都是學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中對(duì)知識(shí)理解不深刻或能力欠缺的地方,應(yīng)及時(shí)糾錯(cuò)和建立“錯(cuò)題檔案”,還應(yīng)“借題發(fā)揮”,有意地把一些易錯(cuò)題予以歸類,找出錯(cuò)誤根源,總結(jié)規(guī)律。


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