Module 3 Journey to space
Unit 1 Has it arrived yet?
What are you up to? 你在干什么呢?
be up to...表示“從事于……,忙于……”,后接名詞、代詞或動 詞-ing形式等。
All of us are up to good deeds. 我們所有人都在做有益的事情。
What are you up to with all the lights on? 你開著所有的燈在干什么?
be up to sb.意為“由某人決定”。
An Indian or a Chinese meal? It is up to you.
吃印度菜還是中國菜?這由你來決定。
I’ve just made a model spaceship for our school project.
我剛剛為我們的學(xué)校計劃而做了一個宇宙飛船模型。
just位于實義動詞與助動詞之間,意為“剛才,剛剛”,多用于完 成時態(tài)中。
I have just finished my homework.我剛剛做完我的家庭作業(yè)。
1) just也可用于一般過去時中,表疋“剛才”,與just now 同義,但是與just在句子中的位置不同,just now通常用于句末。
The bell just rang. =The bell rang just now.鈴剛響過。
2) just也可意為“恰恰,正好”,不用于否定句中,相當(dāng)于exactly。
That’s just what he wanted.那正是他想要的。
3) just還可意為“僅僅,只是”,相當(dāng)于only。
He is just a child.他僅僅是一個孩子。
......because I’m not sure how to make it. .....因為我不確定該怎么做。
be sure表示“確信”,“be sure+賓語從句”表示主句主語對賓語 從句中涉及的事物所作出的判斷,意為“確信某事一定 會……”。
I’m not sure whether I’ve met him before.
我不能確定以前是否見到過他。
We are sure that he will make great progress this term.
我們確信他這學(xué)期一定會取得巨大進步。
1) be sure to do sth.意為“一定做某事”,表示說話人對 句子主語作出的判斷,認(rèn)為句子主語“必定會”、“必然會”、“準(zhǔn) 會”怎么樣。
He is sure to know about that.
他準(zhǔn)會知道那件事。
2)be sure to do用在祈使句中,不是表示判斷,而是表示對對 方的要求,意為“務(wù)必要”,“一定要”。
Be sure to send my regards to your mother.
務(wù)必代我問候你母親。
—Has it arrived yet?已經(jīng)到了嗎?
—Yes, it has arrived already.是的,已經(jīng)到了。
yet意為“還;尚”,用于表達某事在某一時間內(nèi)尚未發(fā)生,但未 來也許會發(fā)生。在現(xiàn)在完成時中,通常用在否定句和疑問句中。
Have you received his letter yet?
你已經(jīng)收到他的來信了嗎?
They haven’t finished their math homework yet.
他們還沒有完成數(shù)學(xué)作業(yè)。
already意為“已經(jīng)”,常用于肯定句中,可以用在助動詞之后, 實義動詞之前,也可以用在句末。
She has arrived in Nanjing already.
她已經(jīng)到了南京。
All the volunteers have already got to the gate of the park.所有
的志愿者都已經(jīng)到了公園門口。
already也可用于否定句,表示“意外,驚喜”。
He hasn’t seen the film already.
他竟然沒有看過那部電影。
巧記 yet 與 already:
完成時里yet和already,
意思、用法不一致, yet疑問、否定有關(guān)系, already用于肯定莫遲疑。
So have they discovered life on Mars? 那么他們在火星上發(fā)現(xiàn)生命了嗎?
discover是及物動詞,表示“發(fā)現(xiàn),了解到”,指“發(fā)現(xiàn)或找到”某種 自然界本來已存在,但以前未被人類發(fā)現(xiàn)或認(rèn)識的事物,如發(fā)現(xiàn)元 素、電、煤、石油、鐵等礦藏以及新星、星系或科學(xué)真理等。
I discovered an unopened letter in the drawer.
我在抽屜里發(fā)現(xiàn)了一封未拆的信。
Lots of scientists are working hard in order to send astronauts to Mars one day. 為了將來某天把宇航員送上火星,許多科學(xué)家 正在努力工作。
in order to意為“為了,以便”,后接動詞原形,表示目的,位于句 首或句中。
We started early in order to arrive before dark.
我們很早出發(fā)以便能在天黑前到達。
In order to hold a dance,they pushed aside all chairs in the hall.
為了舉行舞會,他們把大廳里所有的椅子全推到了一邊。
1)含有 in order to的句子可與so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語 從句互換。
He got up early in order to get there in time.
=He got up early so that he could get there in time.
為了及時趕到那里,他很早就起床了。
2)in order that后接句子,引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句,意為“以便;以至于”。
In order that I could hear clearly,he spoke loudly again.為了讓我聽清楚,他又大聲地說了一遍。
Unit 2 We have not found life on any other planets yet.
......there has been life on earth for hundreds of millions of years.……地球上存在生命已經(jīng)有成千上萬年了。
There be句型的現(xiàn)在完成時
There has been...是There be句型的現(xiàn)在完成時形式。若be動 詞后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù),則用There have been...。
There have been many people on the playground by now. 到目前為止操場上已經(jīng)有許多人了。
There be句型現(xiàn)在完成時的否定句形式為:There haven’t/hasn’t been ...; —'般疑?句形式為:Have/Has there been...?
Have there been visitors to the earth from other planets? 已經(jīng)有來自其他行星的游客來拜訪地球了嗎?
There hasn’t been any milk yet. 已經(jīng)沒有牛奶了。
hundreds of millions of 成千上萬的
hundreds of意為“成百上千的” ;millions of意為“成千上萬的”; 放在一起時仍然指不確定數(shù)“成千上萬的”。
Millions of people visit the Great Wall every year.每年都有成千上萬的人參觀長城。
(1)與之用法相同的短語還有thousands of“數(shù)以千計 的”,billions of“數(shù)以億計的”。
(2)當(dāng) hundred(百),thousand(千),million(百萬),billion(十億) 和具體數(shù)字連用時,hundred,thousand,million,billion等不變復(fù) 數(shù),不加介詞of;若沒有具體數(shù)字時,必須變復(fù)數(shù),加介詞of。
He spent three hundred dollars on the books.
他花了三百美元買這些書。
There is a big sale in the shop. Thousands of people are waiting to buy cheap things.這個商店大減價。成千上萬的人等著買便宜貨。
【即學(xué)即練】
一、單項選擇。
1. Taiyuan is becoming a tourist city. B people come here during the holiday every year.
A. Thousand of B. Thousands of C. Five thousands of
解析:句意為:“太原正在變成一個旅游城市。成千上萬 的人每年在假期期間來這里! A項本身錯誤,應(yīng)是 Thousands of; C項中thousand不應(yīng)加復(fù)數(shù),也不需要介詞 of;B項意為“成千上萬的”。故選B。
2. Six B students in our school are from the countryside.
A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundreds of
解析:句中有具體的數(shù)詞six,所以hundred不用復(fù)數(shù),選B。
3. Ten teachers and students plant trees every year.
A. thousands; million of B. thousand; millions of C. thousands of; millions of
二、根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子。
1. 以前這個超市從未有過這么多人。
2. 到目前為止,已經(jīng)有到這個博物館參觀的游客了嗎?
However, we have not found life on any other planets yet. 然而,我們還沒在任何其他的星球上發(fā)現(xiàn)生命。
have not found是現(xiàn)在完成時的否定形式,F(xiàn)在完成時的否定 句形式為:have/has + not +動詞的過去分詞,其中have/has和 not 可以縮略為 haven’t/hasn’t。
We haven’t been to Shanghai.我們沒有去過上海。
有時我們也可在have/has之后加 never構(gòu)成否定句。
He has never heard of the news before.
他以前從未聽說過這個消息
None of them has an environment like that of the earth, 它們當(dāng)中沒有一個有像地球上那樣的環(huán)境,……none 沒有一個
none作代詞,意為“沒有一個,一個也沒有;沒有一人”,是表示 否定的不定代詞,既可指人也可指物。none of作主語時,如指 代不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式;指代可數(shù)名詞,謂語動 詞用單、復(fù)數(shù)均可。
None of the money belongs to me. 這些錢沒有屬于我的。
None of them has/have seen me before. 當(dāng)中沒人以前見過我。
no one/nobody常用來指人,作主語時謂語動詞要用單 數(shù)形式;nothing常用來指物,作主語時謂語動詞也要用單數(shù)形式。但它們都不可以和of短語連用。
No one likes a person with bad manners.
沒人喜歡沒有禮貌的人。
Nothing is difficult in the world if you put your heart into it.
世上無難事,只要肯攀登。
【即學(xué)即練】
1. of us has read the story. So we know nothing about it.
A. None B. Nothing C. Both D. All
解析:本題考查代詞。由代詞us可知,本題的主語是人, 可排除B; 由So we know nothing about it. “因此我們對此 事一無所知”可知選A。
2. I’m thirsty. I want to drink some water,but there was in the bottle.
A. nothing B. none C. not D. no
解析:本題考查代詞。句意為:“我口渴了。我想喝水,但 是瓶子里沒有。”這里的代詞是指“物”的,所以選A。
However, no spaceship has travelled far enough to reach near other stars in our Galaxy. 但是,還沒有宇宙飛船飛得足夠遠(yuǎn)可以到達銀河系中較近的其他星球。
本句中far enough to reach...意為“足夠遠(yuǎn)可以到達 ”。“…enough to do sth.”意為“足夠 可以做某事”,其中enough是副詞,用來修飾形容詞或副詞,但形容詞或副詞必須放在 enough之前,enough之后加動詞不定式(to do sth.),意為“足夠……可以做某事”。
He is old enough to go to school.他足夠大可以上學(xué)了。
“so +形容詞/副詞+ that從句”意為“如此……以至于 ”;“too +形容詞/副詞+to do sth.”意為“太 而不能 ”,以上兩個句型可以與...enough to do sth.互相轉(zhuǎn)換。
The box is too heavy for me to carry.
這個箱子對我來說太重了搬不動。
The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.
這個箱子如此的重以至于我搬不動它。
The box is not light enough for me to carry.
這個箱子對我來說不夠輕,我搬不動。
【即學(xué)即練】
一、單項選擇。
1. He is to lift the heavy bag.
A. too weak B. weak too
C. weak enough D. enough weak
解析:本題考查too.. .to.…結(jié)構(gòu)和enough to…結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。 從語法上判斷,B和D項錯誤;從句意上判斷選A。句意 為:“他太弱小了拎不動這個重包!
2. He wasn’t with his knife. He cut himself.
A. careful enough B. enough careful
C. carefully enough D. enough carefully
解析:本題考查enough的用法。enough修飾形容詞或副 詞時,要放在其后,所以排除B和D; 根據(jù)句中的wasn’t可 知,其后接形容詞作表語,所以本題選A。
二、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。
1. His brother is too excited to fall asleep.
2. He is strong enough to climb the mountain.
With so many stars in the universe, are we alone, or is there life out there in space? 宇宙中有這么多的星星,我們是唯一的嗎?抑或太空中還有其他生命呢?
介詞短語表伴隨 with so many stars in the universe是介詞短語,在句中作狀語,表示伴隨的情況。
The boy ran in, with an apple in his hand.
男孩手里拿著蘋果,跑了進來。
He waved at us with a smile on his face.
他面帶微笑向我們招手。
—What does your English teacher look like?
—She’s tall and thin long hair.
A. have B. has C. there is D. with
解析: with “帶著 ;有…的”,表示特征。句意為“你們英語老師長得什么樣子?”“她留著長發(fā),高高的,??的”。
Why has no one communicated with us? 為什么沒有人和我們聯(lián)系?
communicate是不及物動詞,意為“聯(lián)系;交流”,跟賓語時,要加介詞with。communicate with sb.意為“與某人交流”。
He had no way to communicate with his brother.
他沒有辦法和他的弟弟交流。
Unit 3 Language in use
【熱身訓(xùn)練】
英漢互譯
1. any other planets
2. arrive on Mars
3. send back photos
4. 在月球上行走
5. (將來的)某一天
6. 等待消息
I’ve just made a model spaceship.
我剛剛制作了一個宇宙飛船模型。
Astronauts have already been to the moon.
宇航員們已經(jīng)到過月球了。
Has it arrived yet? 它已經(jīng)到了嗎?
already 和 yet 的區(qū)別
1) already意思是“已經(jīng)”,通常用于陳述句中(放在have和has的后面),也可用于疑問句,表示期望得到肯定的回答或表 示驚異,此時already常放在句末。
I have already finished my homework.
我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。
Has she found her bike already? 她已經(jīng)找到自行車了?
2) yet可用于否定句,此時意為“還”,也可以用于疑問句,意 為“已經(jīng)”(放在have和has的后面也可放在句末)。
I haven’t found my ruler yet.我還沒有找到我的直尺。
Have you found your ruler yet? 你已經(jīng)找到尺子了嗎?
3) just只用于陳述句,意思是“剛才”(放在have和has的后面)。
He has just had his meal. 他剛吃過飯。
【即學(xué)即練】
單項選擇
1. We haven’t finished our homework .
A. already B. ever C. yet D. never
解析: 本題考查副詞。由于題干是否定句,所以用yet。
2. —Have you learned English?
—Yes, I’ve learned a lot.
A. never; ever B. ever; never
C. ever; already D. already; ever
解析: 問句中用ever意為“曾經(jīng)”;答語是肯定句,用 already,所以本題選C。
3. —Have you finished your homework ?
—Yes,I’ve done that.
A. yet; already B. already; yet
C. ever; never D. still; just
解析: yet用在疑問句句末,already用在肯定句句中。
4. John’s father borrowed some pictures.
A. have already B. has just
C. have ever D. have never
解析:句意為:“約翰的爸爸剛借了 一些畫。”根據(jù)主語為 第三人稱單數(shù)可知,應(yīng)選B。
現(xiàn)在完成時的用法 II
一、現(xiàn)在完成時的用法
表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,常 與just,already和yet等連用。already,just和yet表示“到現(xiàn)在 為止動作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)、剛剛或還沒有發(fā)生”。
He has already got her help.他已經(jīng)得到了她的幫助。
He has just seen the film.他剛剛看了這場電影。
?He hasn’t come back yet.他還沒有回來。
二、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的用法比較
(1) 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在甚至?xí)^續(xù) 下去或表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。而一般過去時表 示動作發(fā)生的時間在過去。
The plane has arrived.飛機已經(jīng)到達了。
The plane arrived a quarter ago.飛機是一^刻鐘以前到達的。
(2) when常與一般過去時連用,how long常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。
When did you come to Beijing? 你什么時候來北京的?
How long have you been in Beijing? 你待在北京多少年了?
【即學(xué)即練】
(2013 •江西中考)一Have you had your breakfast yet?
—Yes,Mom it for me.
A. was cooking B. is cooking C. will cook D. cooked
解析: 本題考查動詞的時態(tài)。結(jié)合本題場景可知,“我”吃 過早飯了,所以媽媽是在過去的某個時刻為“我”做的早 飯,故要用一般過去時。
( 2013 •廣東廣州中考)—You look very nice in your new dress today.
—Oh,really? I B it when it was on sale.
A. buy B. bought C. have bought D. will buy
解析: 本題考查時態(tài)。答語后句句意為:“當(dāng)它打折銷售時我買的。”由從句為一般過去時可知主句的動作也應(yīng)發(fā)生在過去,故用一般過去時。
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